Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
(TOS)
Pronounced: tho-RASS-ik OUT-let SYN-drome
Definition
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a collective name for disorders that involve compression, injury, or irritation to nerves and blood vessels in the parts of the lower neck and upper chest called the “thoracic outlet.” These disorders are not all well understood and have little in common with one another, except that they occur in the same part of the body.
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Causes and Symptoms
TOS can be divided into the following five types:
True Neurologic TOS
The only type of TOS that is well-understood. It is caused by birth defects of vessels and nerves in the lower neck and upper chest.
Symptoms occur only on one side of the body and include:
- Hand weakness
- Numbness
- Raynaud’s phenomena (changing of the color of the limb when exposed to cold)
- Decreased size of hand muscles
Arterial TOS
This is caused by birth defects of blood vessels in the lower neck and upper chest, but does not involve damage or injury to nerves in this area. Thrombi (blood clots) cause blockage of the arteries and, in turn, cause the symptoms. Symptoms include:
- Cold sensitivity in the hands and fingers
- Numbness
- Pain or sores of the fingers
- Poor blood circulation to the arm, hands, and fingers
Venous TOS
This is a rare type of damage to the veins of the lower neck and upper chest. The exact cause is unknown. It is thought to be due to blockage of the blood flow through the veins draining the arm. Venous TOS usually develops suddenly, often after unusual and tiring exercise of the arms. It is associated with swelling of the limb and cyanosis (skin turning pale and blue) of the limb. There is also sometimes tingling of the fingers.
Traumatic TOS
This involves damage to vessels and nerves caused by an injury, such as a car accident. Symptoms include:
- Pain and tingling and pricking of the neck, chest, and arms
- Numbness and weakness
Certain body positions may worsen these symptoms.
Disputed TOS (Common or Non-specific TOS)
This is the least understood, but most common type of TOS. Its cause is unknown, but may be related to accident or injury. Common symptoms include:
- Pain in the upper extremity
- Muscle weakness
- Fatigue
Risk Factors
These factors increase your chance of developing TOS. Tell your doctor if you have any of these risk factors:
- Sagging muscles related to aging
- Being obese
- Having heavy breasts
Other possible risk factors include:
- Sleep disorders
- Imbalanced blood levels of estrogen and/or thyroid hormone levels
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Fibromyalgia
- Poor nutrition
- Anemia
- Infection
- Presence of tumors or large lymph nodes in the upper chest or underarm area
- Psychological stress or depression
TOS may also be caused by work activities, such as repetitive injuries from carrying heavy shoulder loads. This may lead to swelling of tendons and muscles in the shoulders and upper arms. Swelling may lead to TOC by compressing and damaging nerves and blood vessels in the neck and shoulders.
Diagnosis
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam. So called "stress tests" are commonly employed in the diagnosis of TOS.
During these tests, your doctor will ask you to hold your arms and head in positions that may cause the TOS symptoms to reappear. The results of these tests will help determine whether you have TOS and rule out other possible related conditions.
Rarely, arteriography is used to evaluate TOS. This is an invasive procedure where dye is injected into the arteries to evaluate for any abnormalities. This may be used if a surgery is being planned to correct an arterial TOS.
Treatment
Treatment varies depending on the type of TOS. Surgery may successfully treat true neurologic TOS, vascular TOS, and some cases of traumatic TOS. The other types of TOS vary considerably in their response to nonsurgical treatment.
Pain medication, starting with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (eg, ibuprofen ), is usually the mainstay of therapy. In addition, physical therapy is often prescribed to strengthen the muscles of the neck and shoulders and help improve their flexibility.
RESOURCES:
National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/
The Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma (NISMAT)
http://www.nismat.org/
The Spinal Injury Foundation
http://www.spinalinjuryfoundation.org/
CANADIAN RESOURCES:
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS)
http://www.ccohs.ca/
The Association for Repetitive Motion Syndromes (ARMS)
http://www.certifiedpst.com/arms/index.html/
References:
Crotti FM, Carai A, Carai M, et al. TOS pathophysiology and clinical features. Acta Neurochir Suppl . 2005;92:7-12.
Huang JH, Zager EL. Thoracic outlet syndrome. Neurosurgery . 2004;55:897-902.
Nord KM, Kapoor P, Fisher J, et al. False positive rate of thoracic outlet syndrome diagnostic maneuvers. Electromyography Clinical Neurophysiology. 2008;48:67-74.
Sanders RJ, Hammond SL, Rao NM. Diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome. J Vasc. Surg . 2007;46:601-604.
Surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). Washington State Department of Labor and Industries website. Available at: http://www.guideline.gov/ . Accessed July 26, 2005.
Wehbe M, Leinberry C. Current trends in treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome. Hand Clin . 2004;20:119-121.
Last reviewed January 2009 by Rimas Lukas, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
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