Kelp refers to several species of large, brown algae that can grow to enormous sizes far out in the depths of the ocean. Kelp is a type of seaweed, but not all seaweed is kelp: "seaweed" loosely describes any type of vegetation growing in the ocean, including many other types of algae and plants.

Kelp is a regular part of a normal human diet in many parts of the world, such as Japan, Alaska, and Hawaii. It is also incorporated into some vitamin and mineral supplements because of its nutrient value. Kelp is a good source of ]]>folic acid]]> (a B vitamin), as well as many other vitamins and minerals—especially ]]>iodine]]> ; but iodine is also a potential source of side effects (see ]]>Safety Issues]]> below).

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Requirements/Sources

Supplements containing kelp can be purchased at most pharmacies and health food stores. Kelp used in food preparation is available at groceries that stock specialties for Asian cooking.

Therapeutic Dosages

There is no appropriate "therapeutic" dosage of kelp, as it is not yet known whether kelp is truly therapeutic for any conditions. However, because of its high iodine content, it is important not to overdo your use of kelp. The iodine content in 17 different kelp supplements studied by one group of researchers varied from 45 to 57,000 mcg per tablet or capsule. 1]]> The recommended daily intake for iodine is 150 mcg per day for people over the age of four, and taking a great deal more than this can cause thyroid problems (see ]]>Safety Issues]]> ).

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Therapeutic Uses

Kelp is used primarily as a nutrient-rich food supplement.

The results of highly preliminary test tube]]> and ]]>animal]]> studies have suggested other potential uses for kelp. For example, there is some evidence that elements in kelp might help to prevent infection with several kinds of viruses, including ]]>influenza]]> , ]]>2]]>]]>herpes simplex]]> , ]]>3]]> and ]]>HIV]]> . ]]>4]]> Similarly weak evidence hints that kelp possesses ]]>cancer preventive]]> effects, ]]>5-10]]> and may lower ]]>blood pressure]]> . ]]>11]]> However, far more research, including ]]>double-blind, placebo-controlled studies]]> , would be necessary to know whether kelp is actually helpful for any of these health problems. (For information on why this type of study is essential, see ]]>Why Does This Database Depend on Double-Blind Studies?]]> )

Additionally, kelp has been marketed as a ]]>weight-loss product]]> , but there are no meaningful scientific studies to indicate that it is effective for this purpose.

Another common claim regarding kelp is that, because of its high iodine content, it can help all kinds of thyroid problems. This claim, however, is misleading and even dangerous. It is true that if you are deficient in iodine, kelp is probably good for you, but iodine deficiency is rare, and taking extra iodine when you don’t need it can cause dysfunction of the thyroid (see ]]>Safety Issues]]> ).

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Safety Issues

Taking excessive kelp can overload the body with iodine and cause either hypothyroidism]]> or ]]>hyperthyroidism]]> —conditions in which the thyroid gland either produces too little or too much thyroid hormone. ]]>12-18,22]]> This is a potentially dangerous side effect and is definitely cause for caution. If your thyroid gland is already functioning incorrectly, you should avoid high doses of kelp except on a physician's advice.

Additionally, published reports describe two cases of ]]>acne]]> apparently caused or worsened by taking large doses of kelp. ]]>19]]> This effect is also believed to be due to the large amounts of iodine in the supplement.

Finally, some kelp supplements have been found to contain levels of arsenic high enough to be toxic. ]]>20,21, 23]]> Seawater contains highly diluted arsenic, but kelp (like other ocean life) can concentrate arsenic in its tissues, and there are reports of two people with symptoms of arsenic poisoning who had been consuming kelp.